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百度 通过公共交通和用地一体化发展，能够有效促进城市格局转变、提高整体效率，不仅有利于解决城市交通问题，而且通过“人跟线走”的引导，有利于以此为基础形成紧凑型的网络化城市空间形态，避免城市“摊大饼”式地蔓延。As a service to the community, this article is available for free.
李克强会见欧盟委员会副主席 外交与安全政策...
Abstract
We present a large-scale molecular phylogeny of the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), based on 4.5 kilobases of sequence data from six gene regions extracted from 139 of the 288 described extant genera, representing 19 of the 20 subfamilies. All but two subfamilies are recovered as monophyletic. Divergence time estimates calibrated by minimum age constraints from 43 fossils indicate that most of the subfamilies representing extant ants arose much earlier than previously proposed but only began to diversify during the Late Cretaceous to Early Eocene. This period also witnessed the rise of angiosperms and most herbivorous insects.
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References and Notes
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We thank the following for the use of specimens: G. D. Alpert, A. N. Andersen, C. J. Burwell, S. P. Cover, L. Davis, M. A. Deyrup, D. Donoso, R. Eastwood, K. Eguchi, X. Espadaler, P. R. Ferna?ndez, B. L. Fisher, D. M. General, R. A. Johnson, J. E. Lattke, D. J. Lohman, J. T. Longino, D. B. Merrill, H. G. Robertson, C. Scho?ning, M. A. Travassos, E. O. Wilson, and K. Yeo. E. O. Wilson, S. P. Cover, G. D. Alpert, and A. J. Berry gave useful suggestions and comments on earlier versions of the manuscript. We thank M. Cornwall, S. P. Cover, S. V. Edwards, B. D. Farrell, K. M. Horton, C. Labandeira, J. E. Moreau, B. A. Perry, J. B. Plotkin, S. Peck Quek, E. O. Wilson, and J. Zhang for assistance during the preparation of this manuscript and J. M. Girard for assistance in the laboratory. For access to computational resources, we thank D. L. Swofford (NSF Information Technology Resources Program grant EF 03-31495, Florida State University). This research was supported by a grant from the Green Fund to C.S.M. and an NSF DEB-0447242 grant to N.E.P.
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Published In
Science
Volume 312 | Issue 5770
7 April 2006
7 April 2006
Copyright
American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Submission history
Received: 12 January 2006
Accepted: 1 March 2006
Published in print: 7 April 2006
Notes
Supporting Online Material
www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/312/5770/101/DC1
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Tables S1 to S4
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